Cato the Younger was the Roman Republic's last line of defense against Caesar. When he lost, rather than submit, he went to his room, read Plato's account of Socrates' death, and stabbed himself. When the doctor stitched him up and he survived, he tore the wound open and disemboweled himself. He is Stoicism's defining martyr — a philosopher known not for what he wrote but for how he lived and died.