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The Uncomfortable Science Of Sex Differences - Steve Stewart-Williams - #1120

Explore episode Jul 6, 2026
Education
Proximate vs Ultimate: The Most Misunderstood Idea in Evolutionary Psychology

The Uncomfortable Science Of Sex Differences - Steve Stewar… · Jul 6, 2026 Education

The most common misreading of evolutionary psychology is conflating proximate causes (why it feels good) with ultimate causes (why the trait exists). Nobody has sex because they want to pass on their genes. They have sex because it feels good. These are different questions. Confusing them derails half the debates about evolution and behavior.

Where this was said

The Hidden Motivations Behind Behaviour

At 50:34 · chapter starts 50:14

Why are men more aggressive, more risk-taking, more interested in casual sex? Stewart-Williams traces all of these to a single upstream cause: variance in offspring number is greater in males. In many species, some males can sire vastly more offspring than any female can produce, while many males sire none. This creates intense selection pressure on males to compete for status, resources, and multiple mates. The famous 40/80 statistic — that only 40% of ancestral men reproduced versus 80% of ancestral women — comes up, and Stewart-Williams pushes back: he thinks the male reproductive skew in humans was actually lower than in most mammals, precisely because humans have unusually high biparental care. He explains why a 50-50 sex ratio is evolutionarily stable even when one male can theoretically service many females, using a clean parental-investment argument. Bateman's original principle and Trivers' extension to all forms of parental investment — gestation, birth, nursing, and beyond — are outlined clearly.

Science
Six Lines of Evidence for Innate Sex Differences

The Uncomfortable Science Of Sex Differences - Steve Stewar… · Jul 6, 2026 Science

No single piece of evidence proves sex differences are innate. But six independent lines all point in the same direction: early appearance, resistance to cultural pressure, persistence over time, hormonal correlates, cross-cultural universality, and animal homologues. When every arrow points the same way, the case becomes compelling.

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