~1 nanogram antimatter/year
At Fermilab's peak production rate, the facility could produce roughly one nanogram of antimatter per year — meaning it would take a billion years to produce one gram.
Snapshot · Lex Fridman Podcast
#497 – Biggest Mysteries in Physics: Antimatter, Dark Energy & ToE – Don Lincoln
Explore episode
May 29, 2026
Where this was said
Antimatter
At 2:03:44 · chapter starts 1:57:45
Dirac's prediction, Anderson's 1932 discovery, Fermilab's antiproton stash, the $1.5 quadrillion cost of a gram, CERN's 2023 antigravity test, and the one-in-a-billion matter surplus that explains why the universe exists. [1] — Don Lincoln "At Fermilab's peak, producing one antiproton required smashing 100,000 protons into a target. The annual yield was about one nanogram. At t…" 2:03:30 [2] — Don Lincoln "The Big Bang should have created equal matter and antimatter. They should have annihilated completely, leaving only photons. Instead, there…" 2:10:20
Antimatter hydrogen tested in 2023
In 2023, CERN's ALPHA experiment created antimatter hydrogen, released it, and confirmed it falls downward under gravity — though measurement uncertainty remains large.
Producing Antimatter: The Most Expensive Substance in History
At Fermilab's peak, producing one antiproton required smashing 100,000 protons into a target. The annual yield was about one nanogram. At that rate, producing a single gram of antimatter would take a billion years. NASA estimates the cost of 25 grams — equivalent to a 1-megaton explosion — at $1.5 quadrillion.
$1.5 quadrillion for 25g antimatter
Based on NASA estimates, producing the ~25 grams of antimatter needed for a 1-megaton equivalent would cost approximately $1.5 quadrillion, compared to $10–50 million for a conventional nuclear warhead.
The Antimatter Asymmetry: Why Anything Exists at All
The Big Bang should have created equal matter and antimatter. They should have annihilated completely, leaving only photons. Instead, there was a one-in-a-billion surplus of matter. Everything — every galaxy, star, planet, and person — is that tiny surplus. Nobody knows why.
Matter-antimatter asymmetry: 1 in a billion
For every billion antimatter particles in the early universe, there was just one extra matter particle. The annihilation of the billions left only that surplus — everything we see today.
The Neutrino Oscillation Race: Fermilab vs Japan
Fermilab is racing Japan's neutrino facility to measure whether neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate between their three types at slightly different rates. If they do, it could be the first experimental clue to why the early universe had a tiny surplus of matter over antimatter — and why the universe contains anything at all.
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